Let your button as it is.
Then in Airtable => automation => when the item is added (which can mean that a record is created or updated, depends on your Airtable setup) => update a record in an other table.
The updated record could belong to a single select field with two choices “favourited” / “Not favourited”.
Then the value of this field will trigger the condtional filter of the list block which where you want the favourited records to be “removed” according to the teacher favourites.